
• British elections to the European Parliament (excluding Northern Ireland)
• Israel's Parliament, the Knesset.
• The Netherlands' Second Chamber.
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The case for |
The arguments against |
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Party-list systems guarantee a high degree of party proportionality. |
Closed party lists are completely impersonal, weakening any link between the representative and a regional area. |
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Every vote has equal value. |
Closed party lists offer very little in the way of voter choice: all the power, save that of choosing a party for government, resides with the party leaders. |
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It couldn't be simpler: voters have to make one choice out of a small selection. |
As candidates are selected by the party leaders, they are likely to put 'safe' candidates near the top of the list, at the expense of traditionally under-represented groups. |
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List systems tend to involve large multi-member constituencies, which give more opportunities for women and minority groups to gain representation. |
Also with Closed party lists parties can stifle independent and minority opinion within their ranks. As all the power over who gets seats lies with the party machine, so too does the power to voice opinions. |
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Open lists offer voters more choice and control over who is elected |
Part lists discriminate against those not willing to be part of the party structure, and it is impossible to stand as an independent candidate |
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Closed lists are more amenable to measures that can increase the representation of women, such as gender quotas. |
Highly proportional systems with minimal thresholds can result in a fragmented parliament, and produce unstable, multi-party governments. |