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10th May 2012
Contact Tel: 020 7202 8601

Government remains deaf to warnings on voter registration

The Electoral Reform Society has responded to the publication of the Electoral Registration and Administration Bill, a fundamental change to the way we register to vote that experts warn could lead to millions of voters ‘falling off’ the register.

The Society - which led calls for change to the government’s deeply flawed White Paper in their Missing Millions campaign - has welcomed the changes that have been made, but warns that without a meaningful safety net the government still risks alienating millions of voters right before the 2015 general election. Older people, young people and those who move house are likely to be the groups worst affected.

Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society said:
We welcome the fact that the government has finally listened to reason on many of our concerns but the devil is in the detail. The bill might work on paper, but making it work in practice is another matter. Older people, younger people and any of us planning on moving home are still in danger of slipping through the cracks.

‘The government continue to ignore the warnings from registration officers and charities who are all saying the same thing: that crossing their fingers and hoping for the best is not good enough. We need a safety net to ensure that millions of us do not lose our say at the next election.’

‘There is still a lot of work to be done. This massive change comes in right before a General Election and is no time for shortcuts. If millions of British voters don’t have a say, British democracy will suffer.’
The new system will mean that everyone has to register themselves with proof of their identity, recognising the need for individuals to have ownership over their vote and helping to guard against fraud. The bill is the right move but the Electoral Reform Society has been a leading voice in calling for it to be implemented in the right way.

Katie continued:
We’re delighted that the government has responded to our call for a full annual canvass in 2014 as without it anyone who moved home or turned 18 between December 2013 and May 2015 would not even have been invited to register under Individual Electoral Registration.

‘It’s also extremely encouraging that the government have listened to reason on the opt-out which would have allowed people to simply tick a box to ‘opt out’ of registering. This was absurd: It’s not a mailing list, its British democracy and nobody should be ‘opting out’.

ENDS


For more information on the Electoral Reform Society’s calls for changes to the legislation on Individual Electoral Registration see our Missing Millions campaign


Notes to Editors
  1. The Electoral Commission has warned the change could bring registration rates down from over 80% to as little as 65%. See Electoral Commission response to Government white paper.
  2. Electoral Reform Society response to the White Paper
  3. Civil society and EROs raise issues with plans for IER in Missing Millions report
  4. The Electoral Reform Society is an independent campaigning organisation working to champion the rights of voters and improve UK democracy.
  5. To find out more visit www.electoral-reform.org.uk
9th May 2012
Contact Tel: 020 7202 8601

Can the politicians put self interest aside on Lords reform?

The Queen has today announced that reforming the House of Lords will form part of her parliament’s agenda over the coming months but independent campaign group the Electoral Reform Society ask whether self interested politicians are poised to derail a reform that’s been 100 years in the making.


The debate on Lords reform has been clouded by in-fighting between politicians on all sides but polling since 2000 has shown that between 54-82% of the public have supported the need for an elected House of Lords. A recent You Gov poll found that 69% of people supported the principle of an elected second chamber with only 5% wanting the status quo.


Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society said:

 

We welcome the government’s pledge to legislate on reform of the upper house. But Lords Reform will take more than words; it will require action. 

If you hold the power to help decide how Britain is run you should be elected by us, the British public - that’s democracy. The public know it, so how long can a small privileged clique of politicians afford to fool themselves?’

‘In the current economic climate to be handed a job for life because your father was a lord, and to be able to turn up, claim £300 and go home again, is quite simply an embarrassment.’

Recent discussion has focused on the time Lord reform will take up in the parliamentary calendar. Katie continues

 

Hearing politicians bewailing the time it will take to pass Lords reform, you’d be forgiven for forgetting that it is their petty in-fighting that will prolong the process.

There is no reason for this process to be drawn out. MPs from the three main parties were elected on a commitment to Lords reform, the proposals are backed up by consensus from a century of debate and public opinion is behind an elected second chamber.

‘If we blow this opportunity now we’re going to end up spending another hundred years of our parliament’s time trying to undo that mistake. We cannot allow the turkeys to veto Christmas. Politicians’ self interest must not be allowed to waste any more of our time.’


ENDS


Notes to Editors

  1. Since 1999 both chambers of parliament have together spent over 140 hours debating Lords reform
  2. The Electoral Reform Society is an independent campaigning organisation working to champion the rights of voters and improve UK democracy.
  3. To find out more visit http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk

9th May 2012
9
May 2012
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Contact Tel: 07940 523842
- A tale of 6 cities and 2 very different elections

Initial analysis of last Thursday’s elections is showing a widening gulf between local democracy in England and Scotland. 
 
In its initial analysis of election results, focusing on six English and Scottish cities, the Electoral Reform Society has shown English voters are drawing the ‘short straw’ in their elections, with less choice and less chance of affecting the result.
 
Scotland abandoned First Past the Post for local government elections in 2007 and adopted the Single Transferrable Vote form of Proportional Representation. This has brought competitive elections into all the local ‘One Party States’ that once blighted Scottish politics.
 
Willie Sullivan, Director of the Electoral Reform Society Scotland said:
 
In last Thursday’s election voters across Britain went to the polls. But for voters in Scotland and England this was a tale of two Elections - and England drew the short straw.

"Scottish voters got more choice at the polls and more chance of deciding who speaks in their name in their town halls. And while most Scots got a councillor they backed for their trouble, most of the English just threw their votes away.

"Glasgow has transformed itself from rotten borough to a multi-party democracy. Scotland now has a local democracy we can all be proud of, and getting rid of First Past the Post made that possible. With the Single Transferable Vote people have got a real say on who runs their local authorities. Voters in England should settle for nothing less.”  
 
A tale of 6 Cities
 
City
Edinburgh
Glasgow
Dundee
Portsmouth
B.ham
Manchester
Voter Choice
 
 
 
 
 
 
Candidates/Ward
7.47
10.67
7.75
3.86
5.23
4.91
Parties/Ward
6.41
8.38
5.63
3.79
5.20
4.75
Representation
 
 
 
 
 
 
Voters getting who they voted for (%)
72.66
75.93
79.78
46.17
54.98
65.22
Women’s representation (%)
25.86
30.38
24.14
14.30
42.50
34.4
Voting system
STV
STV
STV
FPTP
FPTP
FPTP
Estimated National Turnout
Scotland 42%
England 32%
 

6th May 2012
6
May 2012
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Contact Tel: 07968 791684
The Electoral Reform Society has responded to news of likely rebellion over plans for Lords reform in the coming Queen’s speech.
 
Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society, said: 

Rebel MPs need to look again at their own priorities, because sabotaging the coming legislative programme will not magically create jobs or balance the budget.
 
“Of course Lords Reform will loom large over the next session, but MPs who claim they value parliamentary time should think twice before they start wasting it on a personal crusade.

“The government is moving to fulfil a manifesto commitment, and if MPs suddenly don’t like the promises that are being kept, the time for dissent was before the last general election. All parties must remember their pledges and ensure this unfinished business doesn’t trouble another parliament.”
 
News comes on the first anniversary of the AV referendum, as new polling from Populus showing just 1 in 5 voters support the current system.

Katie added:
 
It’s clear the vote against AV was not a vote of confidence in First-Past-the-Post.  It certainly wasn’t a get out of jail free card for the forces who want to keep our parliament stuck in the 19th century.”
 For comment please contact 07968 791684
Poll data: 

A year on from the AV referendum the Electoral Reform Society has commissioned polling from Populus on public attitudes to fair votes in parliament.
 
  • Most UK adults (52%) agree that the UK should use a different voting system that would give parties a share of seats in Parliament that more closely reflects their share of votes.
  • Just 1 in 5 UK adults (21%) disagree
Polling by Populus for the Electoral Reform Society. Fieldwork 2nd May 2012:

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
“The UK should use a different voting system that would give parties a share of seats in Parliament that more closely reflects their share of votes”

 
TOTAL
%
Unweighted base
2053
 
Weighted base
2053
 
NET: agree
1058
52%
Strongly agree (+2)
458
22%
Slightly agree (+1)
600
29%
Neither agree nor disagree (0)
666
27%
Slightly Disagree (-1)
190
9%
Strongly disagree (-2)
250
12%
NET: disagree
400
21%

1st May 2012
1
May 2012
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Local Democracy Scotland can be proud of   As the UK heads to the polls, the Electoral Reform Society Scotland has welcomed the fact that there is not a single uncontested seat in Scottish local authorities.   

Wales alone boasts over 95 uncontested seats – with 140, 000 voters denied a say.  

In the last set of Scottish Local elections run under First Past the Post in 2003 Scotland had 61 uncontested seats. Following the shift to the Single Transferable Vote in 2007 that figure hit zero.  

Willie Sullivan, Director of Electoral Reform Society Scotland said: 
In hundreds of wards across the UK voters will not get the chance to have their say this Thursday. These elections were a done deal without a single vote being cast.  But once again Scotland has left the plague of uncontested seats behind.   

“We know that the First Past the Post system used in England and Wales and here in Scotland for Westminster elections gives us seats so safe that it’s not even worth anyone else standing.  If you’re lucky you might get a paper candidate faxed in from central office.  

“Now Scotland has a local democracy we can all be proud of. With the Single Transferable Vote people will get a real say on who runs their local authorities this week. But while we live in a fairly elected multi-party democracy we should remember our fellow voters in England and Wales, and encourage them to settle for nothing less.”  

For comment or analysis during the 2012 Scottish local election contact Willie Sullivan on 07940 523842 willie.sullivan@electoral-reform.org.uk

25th April 2012
25
Apr 2012
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British voters abandon British democracy

The 2012 Audit of Political Engagement shows downward trend in voter engagament.

In a week where politicians have been refuting the idea that the public should be allowed to elect our representatives in the House of Lords (despite the fact that a recent You Gov poll found 69% of the public support the reform) a new study showing a serious decline in people’s engagement with politics is perhaps unsurprising.

The 2012 Audit of Political Engagement found that less than half (48%) of people would be certain to vote in the event of an immediate general election, down a massive ten points from 2011. To make matters worse 16% of the public now say they are ‘absolutely certain not to vote’.

The study reports that ‘participants felt they had no means to give voice to their views, individually and, more importantly, collectively’ and that ‘the public simply do not think that if they, or people like themselves, were to get involved in politics they could have any impact on the way the country is run’.

The findings suggest that not only are people less inclined to vote but that they no longer believe they can change things by getting involved.

The report authors conclude ‘A year on, this indifference now seems to have hardened into something more serious: the trends in interest and knowledge are downward, dramatically so in some instances, suggesting a public that is turning away from national politics.’

This is a damning indictment of British politics and a stark warning to our politicians that things cannot continue as they are.

Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society commented:

‘British democracy is at a crisis point. Voters are increasingly fed up with watching politicians looking out for their own interests while ignoring ours.

‘The most recent in a long line of party funding scandals made it clear once again that it is big business and rich donors - not voters - who’s opinions count and while watching politicians try and wiggle out of allowing us to elect our representatives in the House of Lords you could be forgiven for thinking that British voters are an encumbrance rather than a central part of British democracy.

‘Many politicians have no problem with the status quo but voters clearly feel differently. We simply cannot afford to shrug our shoulders and watch while the very legitimacy of British democracy is under threat. Democracy is hard work and it is never job done. The writing’s on the wall: It’s time for change.‘


ENDS


For more information or to arrange an interview contact the media office on 020 7202 8601

Download 2012 Audit of Political Engagement report

Notes to Editors

1. The Electoral Reform Society is an independent campaigning organisation working to champion the rights of voters and improve UK democracy.
2. To find out more visit http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk


23rd April 2012
23
Apr 2012
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Electoral Reform Society Respond to Joint Committee on Lords Reform Report

After weeks of leaks and political infighting the Committee on Lords reform has today released its recommendations for an elected Upper House.

The Electoral Reform Society warns that the Committee’s report risks being overshadowed by the furore created around it and attempts from those who are against the principle of an elected upper house to discredit the process entirely.

Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society said:
It is deeply disturbing that the Committee can’t seem to agree on the basic principle that we should be able to elect our representatives. There is a real danger that the political interests at play here will undermine this important reform before it even gets off the ground.

Of course the parties don’t want to lose control over who sits in the House of Lords - politicians are very good at defending the interests of politicians, but we cannot let the turkeys veto Christmas. If you hold the power to help decide how Britain is run you should be elected by us, the British public. That’s democracy. No-one should be able to inherit or buy a place in the British parliament.’
Despite the Joint Committee’s report specifically stating that no minority reports can be published under Erskine May - the Commons’ parliamentary bible- it appears that 12 members of the 26-strong committee (nine peers, 3 MPs) who disagree with the report are producing one.

Katie adds
There is clear public support for electing the Lords. No amount of Minority Reports will change the majority view.’
Despite a You Gov poll published today which found that 69% of people the principle of an elected second chamber, recent disagreements have focused on the calls from Labour and Conservative politicians to put the reform to the public in a referendum.

Katie continues
The call for a referendum looks suspiciously like political game playing rather than an honest desire to know what the public think. In fact between 54-82% of the public have supported an elected upper house since 2000.

‘In these difficult times we need a smaller more effective and efficient House of Lords that when it comes to the economy, jobs and our public services - actually represents British voters.’
 

The Electoral Reform Society welcomes that…

• The Committee supports principle that the Lords should be elected.
“The Committee, on a majority, agrees that the reformed second chamber of legislature should have an electoral mandate provided it has commensurate powers.”
• The Committee agrees that Commons primacy would remain but that conventions would need to be kept under review.
“A majority, while acknowledging that the balance of power would shift, consider that the remaining pillars on which Commons primacy rests would suffice to ensure its continuation.”
“We agree with the weight of the evidence we have received which suggests that the conventions governing the relationship between the two Houses will evolve further once the House of Lords is reformed and would need to be re-defined.”
• The Committee has taken a sensible approach to some of the logistics i.e. the size of an elected upper house and that it will be 80% elected on non-renewable terms and 15 year terms.

The Electoral Reform Society is concerned that

• The Committee is recommending a type of closed list system which brings appointments in through the back door on the patronising assumption that voters would not be able to cope with the original PR system proposed: STV.
“In the Committee's view, the voting system chosen should give voters the widest choice possible of where to cast their preferences, whether that is within a single party or across candidates from multiple parties and yet be as intelligible as possible to the voter. We also believe that voters who wish to simply vote for a political party, rather than individual candidates, should be free to do so.”
This is despite the committee saying:
“We do not support the introduction of a closed list system for the sort of regional elections proposed in the draft Bill.”
• The Committee proposes giving the parties complete control over who of the unelected Lords should remain until 2025, instead of basing this on their record and attendance.
• The Committee has recommended that reserved seats for Bishops are retained.


ENDS



Download the Committee’s report here: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201012/jtselect/jtdraftref/284/28402.htm

Full results from today’s YouGov poll can be downloaded here: http://bit.ly/lordspoll

Notes to Editors
1. The Electoral Reform Society is an independent campaigning organisation working to champion the rights of voters and improve UK democracy.
2. To find out more visit http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk


23rd April 2012
23
Apr 2012
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Support for a UK constitutional convention

Responding to the Welsh first minister, Carwyn Jones' calls for a UK Constitutional Convention and equal seats in a reformed Upper House for Wales, Scotland, NI and England, Stephen Brooks director of the Electoral Reform Society Wales said:
We would welcome the establishment of a UK constitutional convention, as suggested by the first minister, Carwyn Jones. The Coalition and the previous Labour government only looked at individual pieces of the constitutional jigsaw.

A UK constitutional convention would allow politicians and
voters to consider the big picture and how it all fits together.

There is a strong argument to give equal representation to UK constituent nations; however this proposal should not be used as a delaying tactic by those who are against the principle of an elected Upper House. We’ve been waiting for Lords reform for over 100 years. Public opinion is overwhelmingly in favour of change; and the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats all backed reform in their 2010 manifestoes.

The Electoral Reform Society would urge MPs and peers to give careful consideration to equal representation for Wales, but all parties must stay committed to reform."
ENDS
20th April 2012
20
Apr 2012
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Contact Tel: 0203 371 8978

Lords Rebels should remember their manifestos


The Electoral Reform Society has responded to news of likely rebellion and resignations in Conservative ranks over Lords Reform.

Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society’s said:

We can understand why unelected Lords might have little time for accountability or manifesto commitments. These MPs have no such excuses.

Every one of these wannabe-rebels ran for parliament on a promise of Lords Reform. Now they seem prepared to sacrifice their own government’s entire legislative programme to bury it. It sends a strong signal to their constituents that their manifestos weren’t worth the paper they were printed on.

The government is right to stick to its guns. No party went into the last election defending the status quo, and if Lords Reform is ever to see the light of day it will require all parties to stay committed.”

ENDS
16th April 2012
16
Apr 2012
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The Electoral Reform Society has responded to Ed Miliband’s proposals on party funding and reactions from the Conservative Party.
 
The Labour leader has advocated a £5,000 cap on donations – but pressed to keep the ‘opt out’ system under which fees from union members are automatically directed to the party. The Conservatives are pressing for a higher cap of £50,000 on individual gifts.
 
The Parliamentary Standards Commissioner, Sir Christopher Kelly, had recommended a cap of £10,000.

Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society said:
 
If we’re going to have a serious conversation on party funding, we need to keep all the options on the table. We won’t find a solution by kicking any ideas into the long grass.
 
“It’s easy enough to say policies aren’t for sale: voters expect nothing less. The difficult bit is achieving a genuinely level playing field at election time. And if that’s going to be achieved we need to consider the merits of spending and donations caps and public funding.
 
“If politicians are serious about taking the big money out of politics they need to put personal prejudices and partisan interests aside and get on with it.”
 
 

Recent News
16 May 2012
Jess Garland, Policy and Research Officer at the Electoral Reform Society   In the wake of the pomp and pageantry of the Queen’s speech last week, a victory for the voter emerged from the Cabinet Office in the form of the Electoral Registration and Administration Bill.   Last year the government’s draft bill on electoral registration seemed set to disenfranchise millions, creating a mockery of our electoral system by enabling citizens to simply ‘opt out’ of their democratic right to vote. The Electoral Commission estimated the proposals could lead to a drop in the completeness of electoral registers from over 90% to 65%.   Following months of campaigning by the Society, in which we presented evidence to the committee and lobbied hard to remove the most harmful elements of the bill, the bill introduced last Thursday is a million miles from its original draft. Gone is the bizarre ‘opt out’ and the annual canvass, critical for reaching voters who have moved during the year, has been reintroduced for 2014 (albeit by delaying the 2013 canvass). ERS has long argued that an annual canvass is necessary in the year individual registration is introduced in order to capture the two to three million people who will have moved in the months between canvass and introduction. It is also heartening to see that the government has listened to the Society’s concerns about abolishing the fine which registration officers rely on. The government will now legislate for a civil penalty similar to a parking fine.   Whilst we welcome these changes, it is no time for complacency. The devil is in the detail of the regulations and we will be scrutinising both this bill and the secondary legislation to ensure we do not see the sort of drop experienced in Northern Ireland when individual electoral registration was introduced there. The impact on postal and proxy voters is still a concern. Research by Scope found that in 2010, 67% of polling stations had one or more significant access barriers for disabled voters. It cannot be right that people with a regular postal or proxy vote who fail to notice the change are required to attend a polling station in order to exercise their democratic right.   The missing millions are still out there. With electoral registers only 87% complete at present we need to not only ensure more people do not drop off the register but to look at ways to increase registration across the board. Depleted electoral registers have greater democratic implications. They will be used to draw the next set of constituency boundaries which means unrepresentative registers will lead to unrepresentative constituencies – with some MPs representing many more constituents than others, most likely in inner city areas.   The leader of the opposition announced this weekend that his party would begin a voter registration drive. Clearly low levels of registration should be a concern to politicians, but is enough being done to tackle the root causes of the issue? Low registration is closely linked to low turnout but it is also indicative of a wider disconnect. Making voter registration easier will not address the underlying problems but it is an important step in making the processes of democracy more in-tune with ordinary citizens’ lives.   Abolishing the archaic system of household registration is the first step in what could be a greater modernisation of our electoral system; creating one that is appropriate for 21st century citizens and their lives. Individual electoral registration opens the door to further innovations in future, such as linking electoral registration to other citizen-state transactions like applying for a driving licence and online registration.   In October last year the proposals for individual voter registration were being called the biggest political scandal you’ve never heard of. The Society has campaigned hard to make voters' voices heard, and the government has listened. We have a better bill as a result.     To find out more about what the ERS has done on electoral registration visit our missing millions campaign page
9 May 2012
Katie Ghose, Chief Executive, Electoral Reform Society   Well another Queen’s Speech has come and gone.   We can only welcome the government’s pledge to legislate on reform of the upper house. But Lords Reform will take more than words; it will require action.   If you hold the power to help decide how Britain is run you should be elected by us, the British public - that’s democracy. The public know it, so how long can a small privileged clique of politicians afford to fool themselves?   In the current economic climate to be handed a job for life because your father was a lord, and to be able to turn up, claim £300 and go home again, is quite simply an embarrassment.   Hearing politicians bewailing the time it will take to pass Lords reform, you’d be forgiven for forgetting that it is their petty in-fighting that will prolong the process.   There is no reason for this process to be drawn out. MPs from the three main parties were elected on a commitment to Lords reform, the proposals are backed up by consensus from a century of debate and public opinion is behind an elected second chamber.   If we blow this opportunity now we’re going to end up spending another hundred years of our parliament’s time trying to undo that mistake. We cannot allow the turkeys to veto Christmas. Politicians’ self interest must not be allowed to waste any more of our time.
9 May 2012
Willie Sullivan, Director, Electoral Reform Society Scotland Since Thursday’s local elections we’ve been crunching the numbers. Did voters get a fair deal? What has breaking from First Past the Post meant for Scotland?   Well what we’re seeing is a widening gulf between local democracy in England and Scotland.   We’ve focused on six English and Scottish cities and its’ clear English voters are drawing the short straw - with less choice and less chance of affecting the result on polling day.   A tale of 6 Cities - Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, Portsmouth, Birmingham, Manchester:
City Edin. Glas. Dundee Portsm. B.ham Manc.
Voter Choice

 

 

 

 

 

 

Candidates/Ward

7.47

10.67

7.75

3.86

5.23

4.91

Parties/Ward

6.41

8.38

5.63

3.79

5.20

4.75

Representation

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voters getting who they voted for (%)

72.66

75.93

79.78

46.17

54.98

65.22

Women’s representation (%)

25.86

30.38

24.14

14.30

42.50

34.4

Voting system

STV

STV

STV

FPTP

FPTP

FPTP

Estimated National Turnout

Scotland 42%

England 32%

  Scotland abandoned First Past the Post for local government elections in 2007 and adopted the Single Transferrable Vote form of Proportional Representation. This has brought competitive elections into all the local ‘One Party States’ that once blighted Scottish politics.   Scottish voters got more choice at the polls and more chance of deciding who speaks in their name in their town halls. And while most Scots got a councillor they backed for their trouble, most of the English just threw their votes away (33,000 in Birmingham, 27,000 in Portsmouth, and 90,000 in Birmingham alone).   Glasgow has transformed itself from rotten borough to a multi-party democracy. Scotland now has a local democracy we can all be proud of, and getting rid of First Past the Post made that possible. With the Single Transferable Vote people have got a real say on who runs their local authorities.   Voters in England should settle for nothing less.  
8 May 2012
Rosie Campbell, Birkbeck University London & Sarah Childs, University of Bristol   It is a widely held view that the first-past-the-post electoral system disadvantages women and that electoral reform would improve the representation of women in the UK Parliament. In Westminster elections party candidates are selected constituency by constituency – too often women are selected for the party’s less winnable seats. Only on election-day does it become obvious that the House of Commons is once again over-represented by men. Proportional representation is, however, neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for improving the political representation of women. This is not to say that a more proportional system is not desirable but the surest and most immediate way to guarantee a fairer representation of women in elected bodies is to apply quota rules, irrespective of the electoral system.   Evidence from the UK and around the world clearly demonstrates that operating under a more proportional electoral system is no guarantor of women’s political representation. Whilst at first glance the Scottish Parliament appears to be an example of electoral reform working in women’s favour, when we look more closely at the figures we see that the high numbers of women returned to the Scottish parliament can be largely attributed to the Labour party’s use of twinning in its single member constituencies rather than high numbers of women in the party lists.  We don’t wish to argue that electoral reform is of no benefit to women, moments of constitutional change often provide a window where women can disturb the political order and demand space in the new institutional arrangements. But the choice of PR is important. In OSCE countries with a party list system of PR there are on average 4-6% more women in lower house. List systems can make initiatives to improve the representation of women easier to implement, and harder to ignore. Certainly in a closed list system parties can ‘zip’ men and women candidates, alternating them on the party list, and therefore greatly increasing the likelihood of women getting elected and not just selected. Should a party place all of their women candidates at the bottom of the list the distribution of seat winnablity by sex of candidate would be plain for all to see.   Global Trends: the case for quotas   When it comes to the global league table of women’s representation there are some surprising countries in the top ten. In fact if you ask undergraduate students of politics to rank order countries by the percentage of women in the legislature fail they invariably fail to get the right order.   Top 10 Percentage of women in lower or single house in rank order
  1. Rwanda 56.3%
  2. Andorra 50.0%
  3. Cuba 45.2%
  4. Sweden 44.7%
  5. Seychelles 43.8%
  6. Finland 42.5%
  7. South Africa 42.3%
  8. Netherlands 40.7%
  9. Nicaragua 40.2%
  10. Iceland 39.7%
www.ipu.org   Their expectations – and no doubt others – is that established democracies will do  best. In fact this is rarely the case. The UK House of Commons does particularly poorly, with just over 20% women MPs, coming in at an embarrassing 49th place. It is beaten by other European countries, including Spain, Portugal and Belgium even as it is ahead of France and the US. The scale of women’s under-representation in the UK Parliament is often met with surprise; perhaps because women MPs often wearing bright jackets are highly visible against a background of grey suits, and perhaps too because they are used strategically by party leaders - ‘doughnutting’ the Prime Minister on the Parliamentary benches, or on the campaign trail, or at press conferences.   Around the world the single most important factor related to higher levels of women’s representation is the use of quotas. About half of the top 20 OSCE countries registering sharpest growth in women’s representation have used legal quotas; of the bottom twenty none had such constitutional requirements. Sure, there has been overall improvement in women’s representation over time, but there is no simple linear trend, with stagnation in some countries and regions, for example, Scandinavia, and fall back in others, such as those countries that make up the post-soviet space, and in Scotland and Wales.  In other cases there has been substantial and steady growth (Switzerland, Spain, Austria) and in yet others sudden rises (Belgium and the  Netherlands). In all this, there is no clear unambiguous relationship between electoral system and the proportion of women in the lower house.   The way forward for the UK: time for quotas too   A change in the electoral system in the UK might well have pushed Britain up in the international ranking by a few places. But if we want to see sizeable changes then sex quotas are a better - and arguably post the AV referendum, the easier - choice.  Recall that in 1997 there was a big jump in the number of women MPs:  the figure doubled overnight from 60 to 120. This had nothing to do with the electoral system per se. Instead, it was the Labour party’s use of a quota system, in the form of all-women-shortlists, that accounts for the rise, and explains too their continuing higher levels of women’s representation. In the 2011 parliament they still have more women MPs than all the other parties added together Quotas are, for sure, by no means a simple panacea, they need to be well designed and robustly implemented or some parties will find ways to circumvent them, but they provide nonetheless the most effective means to improve the political representation of women. As one of the recommendations of the 2008-10 Speaker’s Conference made clear, it is time for Parliament to consider legislative quotas for women.   Find out more about the different PR systems and their strengths and weaknesses on The Electoral Reform Society's Voting systems made simple